Introduction/Purpose: The Acute Cystitis Symptom Score (ACSS) was developed as a simple and self-reporting questionnaire for diagnosing and monitoring acute uncomplicated cystitis in female patients. It consists of 18 questions placed in four subcategories: (1) typical symptoms, (2) differential diagnosis, (3) quality of life and (4) coexisting gynecological conditions. It has been translated into many languages. The purpose of this work is the linguistic evaluation of ACSS in the Greek language. Materials and Methods: The translation of ACSS into Greek was carried out in accordance with international standards and guidelines. The process consisted of 4 stages: in the 1^st and 2^nd stage a translation was made into the target language (Greek) from the original (Russian, English) by native speakers, while reverse translation and re-evaluation was made by experts whose mother tongue language is the target language. In stage 3, a cognitive assessment was performed by female subjects with and without a history of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. At this stage, based on the degree of understanding, the final draft was chosen between the two drafts of different origins (Russian or English). In stage 4: the final clinical evaluation was performed by female subjects with acute episode of uncomplicated cystitis (Arm 1 - Patients) and female subjects undergoing treatment for any other diseases (Arm 2 - Control). The Memorandum of Understanding between the Greek Study Group of ACSS and the copyright holders of ACSS was made on 17 November 2019 while it has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital. The diagnosis of acute uncomplicated cystitis was made based on the history and results of laboratory findings. Results: The two pre-final versions in Greek were randomly applied to 15 healthy women aged between 89 and 22 years. The mean age of the final sample was 23.84 years. The level of education differed between a doctorate and a primary school diploma with most participants graduating from universities (8/30) and high school (8/30). According to the answers, 20 women would prefer the English standard translation, compared to 10 women, who preferred the Russian translation. The 2: 1 ratio was similar whether the participants had higher education or not. No significant difference was observed in the mean age of the participants who chose one or the other version. Conclusion: The process of translating and adapting a study instrument such as a questionnaire for a different ethnic group is a difficult task since it requires to adapt it in a culturally relevant and comprehensible form despite peculiarities of the target language. Considering these difficulties, we were able to develop a linguistically validated Greek version of the ACSS, which now can be used for clinical and research purposes in a multidisciplinary fashion.

Background: Partial nephrectomy is strongly recommended by the EAU guidelines as the primary treatment option for T1 Renal Cell Carcinoma. Robotic assisted partial nephrectomy has been gaining ground as an approach with similar oncological results to open and laparoscopic approaches, while outperforming them in secondary endpoints, such as functional and perioperative results. Materials and Methods: We present our cohort of multiple renal tumors treated with robotic partial nephrectomy. 4 patients were treated for double kidney tumours. We demonstrate patients' demographics and tumour preoperative assessment, our surgical technique, operative details, such as the perioperative outcomes and complications. Conclusion: Our experience in the treatment of multiple renal masses with robotic partial nephrectomy suggests favourable outcomes for our patients extending the oncological, functional and perioperative results of RAPN.

Despite the progress in diagnosis and treatment, renal cancer still represents one of the deadliest malignancies of the urogenital tract. Surgically wise, one could certainly make the case that locally advanced renal cancer, especially with vena cava involvement, is the most challenging operable tumor. Conventionally, these patients have been operated with open approach. Nowadays, the contribution of advanced technology (both laparoscopy and robotics) as well as the increasing experience of the surgeons has led to the usage of minimal invasive (MI) techniques in increasingly complex cases. The purpose of this review is to highlight the most important data in the literature as far as usage of MI techniques in the treatment of locally advanced RC is concerned.

Clinical studies have shown that patients exposed to the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) may present an increased risk to develop prostate cancer (PCa). However, since data from other studies and meta-analyses did not provide so far univocal results this issue remains controversial. In this systematic review, we examined the current molecular, cellular and clinical evidence in favor or against a possible association between TV prostatitis and the incidence of PCa. Electronic database search, title/abstract screening and full-text reading yielded a total of 17 clinical articles and meta-analyses and 12 articles showing the results of preclinical investigations. Preclinical evidence points to the involvement of TV in proliferative disorders in prostate cells, involving an array of immune cell mediators. Five clinical case-control studies documented a significantly increased odds for PCa in patients with a positive TV serostatus, whereas seven other studies showed nonsignificant results. Our meta-analysis including 12 studies retrieved up to June 1, 2021, did not evidence a significant association between a positive TV serostatus and PCa of any grade (odds ratio [OR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.84–1.53). Moreover, we could not find a significant association between advanced/lethal PCa and TV exposure (OR, 1.18; 95% CI: 0.70–2.00). In conclusion, the association between a positive TV serostatus and PCa remains uncertain. Studies focused on a large sample of documented cases of symptomatic, clinical TV chronic prostatitis are warranted to make a conclusive statement in this regard.

Benign bladder tumors represent a rare entity of bladder neoplasms and include tumors such as leiomyomas. Female preponderance is characteristic, and patients usually present with bladder outlet obstruction, dysuria, hematuria, and urinary tract infections; symptoms that are not disease specific and can be overlooked. Bladder leiomyomas can be easily diagnosed during imaging tests or/and cystoscopy evaluation and they are mainly treated with transurethral surgical excision. We present a case of a female patient with urinary obstruction due to missed on previous ultrasound examinations large leiomyoma located at the bladder neck and expanded into the proximal urethra.

Wilms' tumor (WT), also known as nephroblastoma, is considered as an embryonal tumor due to nephrogenesis and histologic mimics of the early-onset age. WT is the most common renal tumor in children, but it is extremely rare in adults. WT is known to be a very chemosensitive tumor, and modern clinical trials aim to improve risk classification to reduce the burden of treatment. Diagnosis of WT is usually made after nephrectomy, so the possibility of preoperative chemotherapy is only possible in patients diagnosed with biopsy. A 48-year-old female with a history of 3-week left upper quadrant and left flank pain applied to a general practitioner. There was no previous trauma, hematuria, or other systemic symptoms. Further investigation with computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen with intravenous contrast revealed enlarged left kidney mass lesion within the left lower pole measuring up to 7.4 cm × 7.5 cm × 9.2 cm [Figure 1]. The patient underwent open radical left nephrectomy, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, and partial excision [Figure 2]. Radical nephrectomy was performed, and when nephroblastoma was detected in histopathological examination, she was consulted with medical oncology. After positron emission tomography-CT examination revealed a thyroid involvement, a biopsy was performed, and it was diagnosed as papillary thyroid carcinoma. Total thyroidectomy was performed by the ear, nose, and throat and papillary thyroid carcinoma was diagnosed. Then, the patient started on vincristine dactinomycin therapy. There was no recurrence at the 3^rd, 6^th, 12^th, and 36^th month controls of the patient.

Urachus is an embryologic remnant of allantois, which in adults presents as medial umbilical ligament connecting the dome of the bladder to the umbilicus. Defective obliteration of the urachus results in various urachal abnormalities. An infected urachal cyst is one of the urachal abnormalities, all of which are rare in adult life. The clinical presentation of an infected urachal cyst in adults is heterogeneous, and therefore, the diagnosis may be occasionally challenging. We present and discuss a case of a 25-year-old man with an infected urachal cyst, mimicking a lower urinary tract infection.